Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Center for Global Cardio-metabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Metabolic Epidemiology Section, Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.